Animal Rights Essays (456 words) - Animal Testing, Animal Welfare

Animal Rights Animal Rights As Doctor Zola-Morgan stated in a speech to animal right activists, I've seen the impact of the animal rights movement. I believe this is an attack on science of the worst kind. If we allow it to prevail it will take us back to the dark ages. Too much of the public has come to think of medical researchers as tormenters rather than healers. The good is overlooked and the bad is exploited. Although many people think that animal research is morally wrong, animal research should continue because it is critical to continued progress in human health and alternatives to research animals are not available. Animal rights activists feel that animal research is immoral. They do not see where we as human beings see or feel that we are the dominant species. They often assert that research with animals causes severe pain and that many research animals are abused. The activists do not feel the need to put the animals through such pain. Many of the experiments are replicated also which causes an unneeded demand for animals to perform experiments. Experiments which have already been proven are still being experimented with. However, animal research is an integral part of today's society when thinking of how much progress we have gained in human health with the use of animal experimentation. To date some forty-one Nobel prizes have been awarded to scientists whose achievements depended on laboratory animals. Vaccines against polio, diphtheria, mumps, measles, rubella, and smallpox would not have been possible without such experiments. There also would not be such important techniques such as open heart surgery, brain surgery, coronary bypass, microsurgery to re-attached limbs, organ transplants, and correction of congenital heart defects. The list goes on about the medical advances that required animal research. Insulin to control diabetes and medications important in the management of asthma, epilepsy, arthritis, ulcers, and hypertensions are a few more to add to the list. To take animal research away would also be to halt our society's advancement of more procedures and more medicines to enhance the better living of humans. In addition, there are no alternatives to animal experimentation that can give the same results that it can. In certain research investigations, cell, tissue, organ cultures, and computer models can be used at least in the preliminary phases of the investigation. However, in many experimental situations, culture techniques and computer models do not capture the physiological complexity of the whole animal. Some examples of where animals are necessary in research include the development of a vaccine against HIV and improvement of methods to relieve mental stress and anxiety. These challenges can only be addressed by research with animals. Computer models and cultures cannot get the whole body effect of an experiment. Humans are the only alternatives to animals for this and when faced with this alternative, most people prefer the use on animals as the research model. Anthropology

Day at the Racetrack essays

Day at the Racetrack essays Early in the morning, my alarm clock went off. Normally, I do not like to even hear this awful noise. I usually do not want to get up. But that morning was different; I was excited and I actually sprang out of bed. I have been never like that, because I am usually not a morning person. The reason I was so excited was because my family and I were going to spend the day at the Las Vegas Motor Speedway, in Las Vegas, Nevada. We were going to check out the track, watch the race cars and see the drivers. But little did I know that I was in for a surprise that I would never forget. It was a beautiful day in Las Vegas. It was a sunny day with no wind; it was just the perfect day to go to the race track. We started out the day by hopping into the rental car and driving down the busy streets of Las Vegas. We headed to the track in a scurry, because we were so excited to get there. When we arrived at the race track, I was tingling with excitement. I could see the race cars racing around the track very fast. Then, we drove to the in-field of the track. I noticed all the people scurrying around working to get ready for a race. In the in-field, there were the garages, and the pit stalls for the racers and their crews. When we were there, I got to see the crews working on their race cars. I was able to walk right up to the cars and look at everything. Each team had their hoods up, and were adjusting the engines. This was really exciting for me to see how everything works. While I was in the pits, I observed what teamwork the crews had. They all worked together like o ne, and they were getting lots of things accomplished. It was exciting to see just how fast they can do a pit stop. During a pit stop, they had to fuel up the car, change all four tires, and make any adjustments in almost no time. They all worked together and in a matter of fifteen seconds the car was back out on the track again. This led me to realize that tea ...

Nursing -Activity homework Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Nursing -Activity homework - Essay Example 345). Depending on the condition of the patient, monitoring should be either continuous or intermittently. Bubbling and swinging are assessed with the patient’s respiration. In normal respiration, the fluid within the tube rises with inspiration and falls with expiration (Paul and Williams, 2009 p.45). Absence indicates that the tube is blocked, or it is out of the pleural space. Intermittent bubbling in the water seal chamber shows an air leak when the patient coughs or exhales. Continuous bubbling indicates air leak between the patient and the drain. Volume, color and consistency of the drainage are monitored (Smeltzer et al., 2010, p. 234). The drain insertion site is also assessed for signs of infection and inflammation. The sutures are checked if they are intact and secure and that the dressing is clean and intact (Smeltzer et al., 2010 p. 252). The rationale for clamping the chest drain is to reduce the risk of tension pneumothorax. Smeltzer et al., (2010 p. 252) recommend disconnection of the chest drain in the case of sunction or the patient are ambulant. However, during the transport, the chamber should be kept below the patient’s chest level to enable draining (Smeltzer et al., 2010, p. 123). This allows gravity drainage and prevents backflow of fluid. However, Paul and Williams (2009, p. 13) suggest that clamping can also be done when the drainage bottle requires a replacement or to locate any air leak in the drainage system. Therefore, the suggestion that chest drains should only be removed when the patient is to be moved is false. If the water in the chest tube was—swinging but not bubbling or draining it means the air has been removed from the pleural space but that the pneumothorax has not resolved. When bubbling initially stops this should be further assessed by instructing the patient to cough. When monitoring for the patient with chest pneumothorax the bubbling shows the presence of air in

WK3 Discussion 2 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

WK3 Discussion 2 - Assignment Example With regard to Consumer Kaleidoscope, Hispanics, Asians, Blacks, and multi-race individuals are gradually increasing in number and they are likely to displace the white’s cultural dominance. From the three strategies it is evident that the populations are overlapping each other as we move towards the 25 years projected. For example, the baby boom generation has just entered their early 20’s while the population of the Hispanics, Asians, Blacks, and Multi-race individuals is also increasing. For this reason, American culture is likely to shrink and their dominance wiped out by the changing trends like delayed marriage and longer life expectancies (DEBRA UMBERSON, 2012, p. 613). Consumer Kaleidoscope approach is an indication that the projected demographic changes are likely to fit into the projections. Currently, the Hispanic accounts for 23.2% of total American population by 2010 while the blacks accounted for 12.2%. The Asian population accounted for 4.7% by the same year. These trends indicate that 40% of the American population is occupied by multi-raced population groups and that is a threat to the white’s cultural dominance in the US (White, 2012). The changes in demography are likely to change the marketing niches and environment especially with the changing

Business Plan for Mobile Phone Recycling Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Business Plan for Mobile Phone Recycling - Essay Example Costs and Pricing Strategy 15 9. Financial Forecast 15 9.1 Sales and Cost Forecast 15 9.2 Cash Flow Forecast 17 9.3 Cost Table 17 9.4 Personnel Plan 18 Works cited 19 Student Name: xxxxxx Subject: Management Topic: Business Plan for Mobile Phone Recycling 12 April, 2013 1. Executive Summary ABC Recycle Company is a newly registered mobile phones recycling organization which intends to launch its mobile phone recycling operations by setting up a new plant in the vicinity of London. The company has the perspective to enhance its areas of operations in couple of other two cities in United Kingdom during next three years. Along with financial aims, the major objective of ABC Recycle is to provide the customers with economical alternatives for the disposal of their mobile phone waste. The second objective is to keep the society free of environmental issues by disposing off waste of mobile phones. This marketing plan has been prepared after analyzing various issues regarding the mobile pho ne recycling industry in United Kingdom. ... Due to practicality, mobile phones are present universally and now have become the leading communication tool. However, use of mobile phone causes health hazards due to the toxic chemicals found on the mobile phones and their accessories. Use of mobile phone also endangers different animal species in the universe. This is because the elements used in coating mobile phones are dangerous to animals and their habitats. The issue of health and endangered species is addressed globally by recycling the millions of mobile phones found on the planet. The continuous growing consumption of mobile phones along with the increasing cognizance of general public regarding their recycling has highlighted the need and significance of recycling industry and thus many manufacturers are coming to this segment of the business. We are going to establish our new ABC Recycle Company in this sector. 1.2 Business Aims The main operations of ABC Recycle Company will be to collect the used or unserviceable mobi le phones from the market and then after recycling process, making new product for reuse. Our recycled cell phones will meet the following objectives. (a) An achievable cost effective substitute to the customers for retailing their mobile phones (b) To mitigate the impacts of waste of mobile phone on the environment 1.3 Financial Summary After the initial stage of purchasing necessary machinery and equipment, ABC Recycling Company will commence its recycling operations and regular sales in May. According to our financial plan, the company will invest ?2,700,000 to purchase one recycling line and one manufacturing line to set up the recycling plant and working capital. The three partners will further invest ?1500,000 along with ?800,000 long-term loans. We will also provide

Ronald Reagon President Analysis

Ronald Reagon President Analysis Ronald Reagans Time Ronald Reagan is regarded as one of the top reformists among Presidents of the United States of America. The supporters of Reagans policies say that he played a critical part in stimulating the economic growth of the U.S., strengthening the national defense of the country, bringing an end to the cold war, and reviving the Republican Party (Tindall and David 1331). He was praised by Political scientists that his wisdom was perhaps comparable to that of Abraham Lincoln. However, his opponents claim that he was not qualified to occupy the Presidency; stating he overstuffed the national defense, significantly reduced the budget for things like social services, and caused significant shortfalls in the American economy (Ronald Reagan). Sound familiar? The same arguments are being said today about President Trump. The following discussion discusses how life in America was during Reagans time, the various issues that faced Reagans administration, how well he responded to challenges, and whet her or not he was a good president. When Ronald Reagan came into power, he basically inherited a nightmare from President Carter. The economic performance of the United States was declining dramatically. The inflation rate was near an unprecedented 10% with an interest rate doubling that (Ronald Reagan). To combat the failing economy, Ronalds Reaganomics was instituted (Ahmed 62). Reaganomics also referred to as the free- market economy, focused on minimizing States spending, downsizing federal income tax, and checking on money supply to the economy (Ahn, Sang Hoon, and Soo 109). The primary objective of Reaganomics was to curb inflation rate in the United States of America. As a result of implementing the Reaganomics policy, the rate of inflation dropped from a two digit to one digit number. Likewise, there was an improvement in the real gross domestic product. It may feel like President Trump is copying Reagans plan as he is implementing similar policies to Reagan. Like Reagan he has instituted economic policies that favored defense spending, decreased regulations on business, decreased personal income taxes, and brought down costs on social services (Ronald Reagan). Reagans weight on economics was placed in the hope that decreasing taxes would boost economic advance (Ronald Reagan). Reagan utilized legislation and passed several Acts; to include the Economic Recovery Tax Act, the 1982 Tax Equity and Fiscal Responsibility Act, and the 1986 Tax Reform Act (Ronald Reagan). These new tax laws led to some of the largest tax cuts in the attempt to stimulate the economy. As a result of the above policies, the American economy experienced the nastiest recession since the Depression. The Federal Reserve tried to tackle the situation by increasing interest rates to combat the 14% surge in inflation rates. This, in turn, caused the rate of unemployment to rise to over 10% which equates to over 9 million out of work. Consequently, devastation hit thousands of businesses forcing them to close. The most vulnerable citizens of the nation were struck with homelessness and hunger. It certainly was a bleak time which was only getting worse. By 1983, over 11 million people were out of work. The nation needed relief, and Reagans administration felt this. His disapproval ratings rose to above 50%, from 18% in 1981 (Ronald Reagan). Additionally, Reagans passion was not only to fight inflation but to tackle the nations drug problem. The presidents War on Drugs campaign resulted in a significant decline in casual drugs abuse. Regans policies saw a decrease in marijuana and cocaine usage in America over his term (Hawdon 420). He increased funding for the drug war from $1.5 billion in 1981 to $2.75 billion in 1986 (Ronald Reagan). Reagan also penned many executive orders that were directed to crime and justice. He organized a crime commission to dismantle crime syndicates in America to accomplish this task (Putzel). It may be overwhelming to think about the internal circumstances Reagan faced; however, he had to confront external tribulations also. External threats were a major concern during the Reagan presidency. Reagan, therefore, increased military budget so as to equip the US forces with better weapons, possibly to match the threat of a USSR nuclear attack on the USA (Troy 140). Reagan, unlike his predecessors, wanted to put an end to the cold war which heightened tension between the USSR and the United States. However, Reagan continued the arms race with the USSR. Reagan critics have argued that he feared to engage in war with the USSR, but various historians counter critic the line of thinking by suggesting that Reagan played mental war with the USSR. In fact, there is substantial evidence that Reagan managed to save the world from possible nuclear attack (Krebs 813). He accomplished this by wisely challenging leaders of the Soviet Union to destroy a nuclear launch station in Cuba. In return, Reagan also oversaw the removal of the USA nuclear plants which were fueling suspicion between the two super powers. Reagans forei gn policy initiatives had both negative and positive implications. Regan ended the 46-year old cold war through a combination of anti-communist and aggressive rhetoric; he also embarked on an immense arm increase that was followed by disarmament and skillful diplomatic negotiations (Ronald Reagan). As a result, the Berlin Wall fell in 1989. Nonetheless, some of Reagans foreign policies went against his promises. For instance, Reagans administration aided the guerilla fighters in Nicaragua which came to be known as the Iran-Contra scandal (Ronald Reagan). Reagans support was manifested in the form of donations to the fighters after the sale of missiles to Iran Considering the above assertions, Reagans character made him both a good president and a bad one. Reagan charm, for example, helped him to connect with both the ordinary citizens and other world leaders (Ronald Reagan). This quality led to the development of the nickname The Great Communicator. The presidents speeches enabled him to regain the trust of his electorate. Nonetheless, Reagans detached leadership methods led to the growth of illegitimate undertakings like the Iran-Contra scandal. Reagan allowed his Chief of Staff to make most judgments on his behalf; thus, some of the decisions that were made did not favor the American government (Ronald Reagan). As it turns out, his administration gave Iran weapons in return for hostages that Lebanon held (Iran-Contra). This contradicted Reagans policy on never giving into terrorist organizations. In conclusion, the legacy of Regan was his Reagans administration led to both the improvement and deterioration of the economy of the U.S. during his time in office. His policies stimulated the economy of the U.S., brought an end to the cold war, and improved the defense of America. However, the same policies had adverse effects on the American economy since they bloated the budgetary allocation for defense, led to significant budget cuts in the social service sector, and resulted in the development of the worst recession since the Depression. In general, history reveals that Reagans ability to regain the confidence of both the world leaders and his electorate helped him to come up with some of the most rational policies, as discussed above. When Reagan left office, he was among the most popular figures in American life (Longley 3). President Reagan played a critical role in restoring the United States of America as a superpower country. Even after Reagan left office, many people rev ered him for his exceptional leadership style (Why was). If there was only one reason to remember Reagan it should be; he may have prevented world war 3. Works Cited Ahmed, Alouani. Inflation And Growth In The USA, From Eisenhower To G. W. Bush: A Descriptive Study. International Journal of Economics, Finance and Management 4.2 (2015): 62. http://www.ejournalofbusiness.org/archive/vol4no2/vol4no2_3.pdf. Ahn, Sangà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Hoon, and Sooà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Wan Kim. Social Investment, Social Service and the Economic Performance of Welfare States. International Journal of Social Welfare, vol. 24, no. 2, 2015, pp. 109-119, doi:10.1111/ijsw.12094 Hawdon, James E. the Role of Presidential Rhetoric in the Creation of a Moral Panic: Reagan, Bush, and the War on Drugs. Deviant Behavior, vol. 22, no. 5, 2001, pp. 419-445, doi:10.1080/01639620152472813. Iran-Contra Affair. U-s-history.com. N. p., 2017. Web. 28 Feb. 2017. Accessed, http://www.u-s-history.com/pages/h1889.html Krebs, Ronald R. How Dominant Narratives Rise and Fall: Military Conflict, Politics, and the Cold War Consensus. International Organization, vol. 69, no. 4, 2015, pp. 809-845, ProQuest Central, https://search-proquest-com.ezproxy1.apus.edu/docview/1724669689? Longley, Kyle, et al. Deconstructing Reagan: Conservative Mythology and Americas Fortieth President. Routledge Ltd, Armonk, 2007;2006; 2015; doi:10.4324/9781315705231. Putzel, Michael Associated P. Reagan Names Commission To Combat Crime. Boston Globe (pre-1997 Fulltext), Jul 28, 1983, pp. 1, ProQuest Central, https://search-proquest-com.ezproxy2.apus.edu/docview/294149701?accountid=8289 Ronald Reagan Procon.Org. Reagan.procon.org. N. p., 2017. Web. 28 Feb. 2017.Accessed http://reagan.procon.org/#Background Tindall, George Brown, and David E. Shi. America: A narrative history. New York: WW Norton Company, 2016. 1423.28,35, https://web.viu.ca/davies/H132/TindallShi.Vol2.pdf Troy, Gil. Morning in America: how Ronald Reagan invented the 1980s. New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 2013. Pup.princeton.edu ISBN: 9780691130606 444.448, http://press.princeton.edu/chapters/i7920.html

The Role Of Women As Portrayed In Classical Mythology Essay examples --

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Greco-Roman society was a very patriarchal society. This is reflected throughout the myths in classical mythology. By looking at the classic mythology we will see that the roles women portrayed are very different than women’s roles in today’s society. Although there are a few similarities to women’s roles in today’s society, their roles are more like those women in the past. We can see this by looking at the attributes of Greco-Roman female gods and looking at the roles women play in the myths. By comparing the roles of women in the myths with women’s roles today we will see that the roles have many differences and few similarities.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The first things we will look at to show women’s roles reflected in Classical mythology are the attributes of the female gods. Of the fourteen main Olympian Deities, only six of them are women. This includes Hera, Hestia, Demeter, Artemis, Athena, and Aphrodite. Of these six I believe Hera, Demeter, and Aphrodite best portray the role of women in Greco Roman society, as reflected in Classical mythology The Olympian Deity who best shows the role of women is portrayed by Greek Mythology is Hera. Hera is the goddess of marriage, childbirth, and consort of Zeus. She stays at home and presides over the family all day while her husband goes around making love with every other beautiful girl in Greece. This indicates that in Greco-Roman society the women would stay at home to watch over their children, clean the house, weave, and make the meals. This could be looked at as being very similar to the roles of women in the early to mid 20th century, but is different than the roles of women in today’s society. Woman in today’s society are no longer expected to stay at home and watch over the house and home. Most women today have jobs and share the housework and cooking with their husbands. In addition, if a woman finds out today that her husband has been sleeping around on her and having children with many other women she can take him for every thing he’s got. Lets just sa y Zeus wouldn’t have that that crown or thunderbolt thrower anymore in today’s society.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Another Olympian Deity who helps show the role of women in Greco-Roman society was Demeter. Demeter is the goddess of grain and fertility. Demeter controls the crops and the making of children. I think that Demeter showed women’s roles as gardeners and the tho... ...rarely choose whom the daughter will marry.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Greco-Roman society was a very patriarchal society. This is reflected throughout the myths in classical mythology. By looking at the classic mythology we see that women’s roles portrayed in myths are very different than their roles in today’s society. In classic mythology women are thought of as housewives who stay at home and preside over the families. They are expected to do what men say even to the extent of marrying whomever their father chooses. They are always at fault for the world’s problems and are never thought to be equal to men.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Women’s roles in today’s society are far different from this. They are no longer looked upon only to preside over home and family, they are not forced into marriages, and they are not blamed for all the worlds problems. Today’s society is not a patriarchal one. In today’s society women are looked upon as equal to men making it more equalitarian compared to the Greco-Roman society.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Sources Cited Powell, Jennifer. The Women in Myth and in Society. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2009. http://hsa.brown.edu/maicar/Biographies.html  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  

Nursing Profession †the Most Important in the Care of the Older Adult Essay

Nursing profession is most important in the care of the older adult. I so much agree on this notion and I believe it is true. The older adult, just like every other individual is a biopsychosocial being and therefore requires care that cuts across every aspect of his life and for this care to be given, it involves many disciplines/profession; but the nursing profession stands as an intermediary between these professions providing care in order to meet the older adult’s needs which is multidimensional. This autonomic profession is unique in function and responsible in providing holistic care. The developmental stage of the older adult is quite challenging and therefore requires a profession that will be capable of meeting this demanding task. The nursing profession is outstanding in providing needed care not just for the survival but also for a better quality of life of the older adults. As I discuss in this essay, I shall make this view point clearer and convincing. The nature of nursing care of the older adults. The International Council for Nurses (2003) defines nursing as: â€Å"Nursing encompasses the autonomous and collaborative care of individuals of all ages, families, groups and communities, sick or well and in all settings†. This definition gives us the knowledge that the older adult among other age groups needs health care involving an interdisciplinary team. Among members of this team, the geriatric nurse plays a very important role in caring for the older adult. The nurse considers the older adult as a biopsychosocial being and thus gives a comprehensive, holistic and transcultural care to the older adult which cuts across his physical, social, cultural and psychological life. The physician is only interested in the disease condition, the psychologist is interested in the behavior and state of mind, and the sociologist is interested in the environment. All these professionals and others consider only an aspect of the older adult’s life. On the other hand, the nursing profession stands to care for the older adult as an individual, considering all aspects of his life that he is made off (biological, social, psychological, cultural and spiritual). The nursing profession is capable of giving the older adults all they need for survival and good quality life at their â€Å"doorpost† The gerontological nurse has many roles: provider of care, teacher, manager, advocate, and research. As a provider of care, the nurse gives direct care to older adults in a variety of settings. The teaching of gerontological nurses often focuses on modifiable risk factors (e.g., healthy diet, physical activity, stress managenent). Gerontological nurse managers balance the concerns of the elderly, family and nurses and other interdisciplinary health team members. As an advocate, the gerontological nurse empowers elders by helping them remain independent and strengthen their autonomy and decision making. Being a research consumer requires nurses to read the latest professional literature for evidence-based practice to improve the quality of nursing care for the elderly. (Kozier & Erb, 2008). As a teacher, she is patient enough to help the older adult their health and health care procedures despite the decreased functioning of the organs and systems responsible for cognitive reasoning. Jones, an associate Professor at Samuel Merritt University in Oakland quotes: â€Å"Because nurses are the professionals that typically spend more time at the bedside than other disciplines, nursing assessment is very important in the plan of care for patients,†¦that nurses have been trained to view patients in a comprehensive or holistic manner, taking into account more than the patients’ physical needs. â€Å"This perspective translates well to caring for older adults, who often have complex health problems, social situations, and care giving needs,†Ã¢â‚¬  (Jones, 2009, www.agewell.com) The gerontological nurse work in variety of setting in caring for the older adult. The gerontological nurse plays a principal role in the care of the older adults across all the health care facilities/settings of the older adults. The older adults are the primary users of health care facilities to rehabilitation, long term care and community. While it is true that older adults compose more than 80% of nursing facilities such as nursing homes, in countries such as the US, they also use close to half of all hospital days, a quarter of ambulatory visit and more than 70% of home health services(Karen, 2013, www.nursingtogether.com). Since the nursing homes and other health facilities of the older adults are mostly occupied by older adults, it signifies that nursing enterprise is just too significant in their care. In acute care settings, nurses focus on protecting the health of the older adult. Examples of nursing activities in this setting include preventing nosocomial infections e.g., pneumonia; preventing complications e.g., pressure ulcer; treating the health problems that resulted in the older adult’s admission plus assessing for potential undiagnosed health problems. The nursing profession is the only profession among the medical professions capable of applying the principles of health protection and promotion that will help save the older adult from other problems. In long term care facilities the objective of nursing care is to provide a place of safety and care to attain optimal wellness and independence for each individual(Stanley et al; 2005, in Kozier & Erb, 2008, P.409). Because the older adults (referred as residents in this health facility) spend a very long time in this facility, the nurse spends most of the time with the older adults more than every other members of the health care team. In this facility the nurse is known as the older adult’s best friend. In hospices, majority of the clients are the older adults. Gerontological nurses are involved in caring for dying persons and their families. The gerontological nurse uses her patience and compassion skills in the hospices in providing care. In the community, the gerontological nurse provides nursing care in many types of community setting e.g., home care, Nurse-run clinics and Adult day clinic. She accesses the older adults needs and tries to match the need with a community resource. Gerontological nurses are everywhere and can be everywhere for the older adults. Considering the variety of settings where the geriatric nurse functions in caring for the older adults, it simply gives one the idea that no other professional enterprise can do this other than the nurse. In these settings, the nurse avails herself applying patience, expertise, understanding, interdisciplinary communication, advocative and compassion skills in caring for the older adult and the family. The gerontological nurse is therefore regarded as the â€Å"middle man† connecting other disciplines in order to render effective and efficient care to the older adults and their families. There is an increasing demand of geriatric nurses worldwide for the care of the increasing population of the older adults. Globally there is a great increase in the population of the older adult. â€Å"According to the World Health Association, the world’s population aged 60 and over will more than triple from 600 million to 2 billion in the next forty years.† (Karen, 2013, www.nursingtogether.com). This has resulted in increasing demand of the geriatric nurses in meeting the health care needs of this increasing group because the older adults need the nurses to survive. Karen explains that there is a growing demand for the skilled geriatric nursing work force to provide quality care across wide range of health care settings (Karen, 2013, www.nursingtogether.com). This increasing demand of the geriatric nurses is a reflection of the importance of nursing services in the care of the older adults. Ranking position (rating) of the Nursing Profession among other professions Among the medical profession and members of the health care team, the nurses are usually the most preferred. Medical professionals are among the most trusted people in the United States, a new Gallup survey shows, with 85% of survey respondents ranking nurses highest for honesty and ethics, followed by pharmacists (75%) and physicians (70%)†¦Ã¢â‚¬ This poll consistently shows that people connect with nurses and trust them to do the right thing,† said American Nurses Association President Karen A. Daley, PhD, MPH, RN, in an association news release. (www.diabetesincontrol.com, December 13, 2012). The older adult is considered â€Å"fragile† because of the changes that have occurred in his body systems over the years reflecting in reduced level of functioning, perception, activity, behavior and general living. Therefore a profession that maintains high morality, truth, trust, integrity, and ethical principles and respect for the older adult not intruding to his privacy, disregarding his personality and underrating his ego is what the older adult requires. For example, a gerontological nurse rendering a home care service is not expected to steal the older adult’s belongings because the nursing profession upholds truth which is visible worldwide. Conclusion The nature of nursing care, the increasing demand of gerontological nurses, and diversified health care settings for the older adults where nurses are the front-line care givers; all these and many more have projected nursing to the top among all other professions and enterprise in rendering services to the older adults which is dependent in their survival and quality of life.

Insolvency in anglo american law The WritePass Journal

Insolvency in anglo american law Introduction Insolvency in anglo american law IntroductionA. General1.The concept of security2.The purpose of taking securityB. Problems caused by security1. Problems of misallocating resourcesa. Types of unsecured creditorsi.Uninformed Creditorsii. Voluntary Creditorsiii. Involuntary Creditorsb. Problemsi. Involuntary creditorsii. Uninformed creditors2. The efficiency of secured creditC.Proposals of reform1. Ensuring the payment through insurance2. Non-consensual Creditors are given Priority over Secured Creditors3. Are these proposals persuasive?D.ConclusionBibliographyRelated Introduction A. General 1.The concept of security There are many attempts to define â€Å"security†, but this concept varies in different countries, and even in different fields of economic and financial activity. Simply put, it can be understood that â€Å"security† is originated from the instinctive fear of risk of financiers. It is similar to a guarantee that someone’s investment, at least, will not make him loose more than what he expects to gain. As clarified by Professor Goode, the concept of security depends on concepts of ownership and possession; it â€Å"involves the grant of a right in an asset which the grantor owns or in which he has an interest†. ‘Security’ is not officially defined under English law. Its scope has to be drawn from judicial interpretations. Pursuant to the judgment of Re Paramount Airways Ltd, security is defined as â€Å"created where a person (the creditor) obtains rights exercisable against some property in which the debtor has an interest in order to enforce the discharge of the debtor’s obligation to the creditor.†However, this definition is not fixed. The problem of lacking an official definition results in some uncertainties in regulating secured credit under English law. Under American law, in contrast, ‘security interest’ is clearly defined as â€Å"an interest in personal property that secures either payment of money or the performance of an obligation†. The functional approach in secured transaction under American legislations is preferred than the formal approach under English law. There are two main types of security which are fixed and floating charges. A fixed charge is defined as â€Å"a charge or mortgage secured on particular property, such as land and buildings; and intellectual property such as copyrights, patents, trade marks. A floating charge is an equitable charge on assets which can continued to be traded from time to time without the reacceptance of the mortgagee.Between these two, floating charge is used more commonly. 2.The purpose of taking security According to Professor McCormack, there are several reasons of taking security. Firstly, security will give priority to a creditor over other unsecured ones in the event of insolvency. According to a survey by the Society of Practitioners of Insolvency, about 75% unsecured creditor received nothing after asset distribution. Suggested from the definition of insolvency, which is a situation that a company loses its ability to pay all of its creditors, priority in insolvency proceedings is very important. Another reason is that a creditor who takes security will have more control on the lent assets as well as insolvency proceedings. The regime in England under the Enterprise Act 2002 allows a floating charge’s holder to appoint an administrator, whose duty is to ensure a certain share of the insolvent company’s assets for the benefit of such holder. This type of â€Å"self-help† remains controversial. It is criticized a lots as such control is too substantial. Last but not least, the taking of security is regarded as useful to reduce the cost of investigation into the debtor’s financial situation. Professor Buckley called such costs the â€Å"screening costs†.According to his arguments, as the borrower has to reveal information to the lender so as to ensure that it is financially able to take the loan, a securely informed creditor will benefit from avoiding more risk in the market. Such information, in insolvency proceedings, will aid in determining the debtor’s creditworthiness and anticipated bankruptcy value. Sub-conclusion: To sum up, security plays a significant role in financial activities of companies. It gives both the borrowers and the lenders benefits which are crucial in their transactions’ decisions. However, from the perspectives of a unsecured creditor, the ability of taking security by some creditors results in their higher possibility of receiving nothing in return in the event of insolvency. This essay will discuss such misallocation of resources to the unsecured creditors and examine the reform proposal to solve these problems in 2 main parts respectively. At the end, a conclusion will be drawn that although security causes troubles to non-consensual creditors, any reform needs to be taken with a lot of considerations on the method and in the system as a whole. B. Problems caused by security 1. Problems of misallocating resources Lynn LoPucki, in his analysis, has demonstrated that most unsecured creditors are given such status against their will and awareness.   Therefore, it is unfair when they are given even less than what they can gain because of the security’s usage. By taking securities, the secured creditors, with all the control and benefits as examined above, may take a substantial part of the debtor’s assets. The unsecured creditors, who usually outnumber the secured ones but only receive a much smaller part of the insolvent’s resources. Although the basic principle of insolvency law is â€Å"equality of misery†, many people are forced to be more miserable than others. In order to detect a solution for this matter, this part is illustrated in 2 smaller parts, the first deals with the classification of unsecured creditors and the second discusses the problem in allocating the debtor’s resources. a. Types of unsecured creditors There are three types of unsecured creditors, depending on their reaction to such status: uninformed creditors, voluntary creditors and involuntary creditors. Each category is suffered different problems caused by security to their group. i.Uninformed Creditors Uninformed creditors are those who accept the status of unsecured creditors despite their acknowledge of the debtor’s situation because they do not properly estimate the risk they are about to take. These creditors are similar to voluntary creditor because they know the situation before making their decision of invest into such debtors. But they are also similar to involuntary creditors because if they had known the â€Å"true state of the law and the debtor’s finances when they made the fatal decision to extend credit (or not to withdraw from an extension already made), [they] would have decided differently.Their consent, therefore, is not meaningful due to the lack of true understanding of what they are consent to. The example for this type is trade creditors who are so â€Å"uninformed that they systematically undercharge for the extension of credit† ii. Voluntary Creditors Examples of voluntary creditors are employees and customers. Employees: In case employees’ wages are not paid, they become creditors of their employer. The missing of payment by an employer serves as the most alarming precaution of its financial situation to the employees. However, as stated by Buckley, â€Å"claims   for unpaid wages are   not substantial   in most   bankruptcies [†¦] because   few   employers   are willing   to   risk work   stoppages   by gambling with unpaid   wages.† Customers: Customers are also classified as voluntary creditors of a retailer in case they have warranty claims. In certain cases, the prices they are willing to pay may reflect their ability to foresee the default. Therefore, customers become creditors only if they have proper reaction to such foreseen possibility. iii. Involuntary Creditors It is estimated in a study by Sullivan, Warren, and Westbrook that 23% of unsecured creditors filling bankruptcy under Chapter 7 and 13 of the Bankruptcy Code was involuntary creditors. This category includes governmental claimants (tax agencies, pension agencies), tort victims, environmental agencies, utility companies. We will now examine the first two examples of this type. Governmental claims: A company has many governmental responsibilities. This is shown by its duty in many tax related activities ranging from corporate taxes to employees’ income taxes. Moreover, it may have to be involved in some social security program. Thus, in the event of insolvency, it may become debtors of several state entities. And in common cases, the governmental claims will not consent to be under the status of creditors because it is likely that they will gain nothing due to the unsecured characteristic of debts the company owed to them. Tort claims: Tort victims are regarded to be the most typical kind of involuntary creditors. As indicated by a study of Manville Corporation cases, the company’s book value when it filed for insolvency was only $1.2 billion book value, while its tort liability was $1.9 billion is in asbestos-related claims. It is common that tort claimants do not agree with their unsecured creditor status. In many cases, they even do not agree to be creditor if it is not because of wrongful acts by the debtor violating their rights and benefits. Such wrongful acts may ranging from harmful business acts (negligence, interference,†¦) to infringement of intellectual property rights However, the insolvency law has not treated them with sufficient priority over other creditors (especially secured creditors). b. Problems In the context of this essay, we will discuss the influences of consent-based theory in examining the problems of involuntary and uninformed creditors. It may be argued that to identify the direct consequences of the lack of consent of a creditor when involving in a company’s business is not always easy. Brian Mccall has illustrated an example where a supplier sell inventory on credit to a buyer. The buyer then sells the inventory and uses the proceeds to pay a bill instead of paying the supplierAs a result, the supplier becomes an non-consensual creditors as resources are misallocated without his consent. Mccal concluded that this can happen because the supplier does not have the general right to consent to every action of the buyer that has an effect on him. However, that problem should not preclude the idea of fairness and sympathy for unsecured creditors, which is basis for the argument of consent-based theory. The theory provides that it is a violation in taking away the right to payment of creditors who are not consent to such status. By granting security for some creditors, a debtor affects the shares in the asset pool of other involuntary and uninformed creditors. Followers of this theory emphasized that there should not be any distinction between secured and unsecured creditors because both types are entitled to receive their and only their proportional distributions of their respective debts Any priority to one group will result in an â€Å"unjust† distribution to the other. We will now analysis the problems resulted by security which are challenging unsecured creditors. i. Involuntary creditors In his work, Lynn LoPucki has explained why security is used despite the fact that a major of creditors does not agree with it. The relationship, after using security, between the debtor, the secured creditors and the unsecured ones is indicated as a contract where the first two agree with each other that the last will gain nothing. Therefore, security is widely used because of two parallel stimulations: no one wants to be in the situation of an unsecured creditor whose value in the debtor’s asset is contracted to expropriate for others; and, a debtor also wants to take benefits from â€Å"selling secured status to its voluntary creditors†. This problem threatens the right to payment of tort victims most. They clearly do not give their consent to the unsecured creditor status as well as the granting of security for other creditors. However, instead of giving them some priority as usual in tort judgement, the introduction of security to insolvency proceedings reduce their chance of receiving exposure to the debtor’s tort liability. This issue is originated from an argument that the consent of the unsecured creditor – the third party, on the contract – the granted security, between the debtor and the secured creditors, is â€Å"implied†. Such argument, according to Lopucki, is â€Å"not likely to save the institution of security†. It is also argued that it is a principle in economic theory that tort victims should be fully compensated. In regulating the issue of security, legislators who allow its use may not necessarily decide that by granting security, a company can limit or eliminate the exposure to tort liability. Where a company can give full compensation to its tort victims, it should do so â€Å"to the full extent of their wealth†. ii. Uninformed creditors Sympathy should also be given to creditors who do not really understand the meaning and consequence of their consent when voluntarily entering in insolvency proceedings. It is not a â€Å"meaningful consent† because they would not agree with their status and extend credit if they are well-informed to proper estimate the risk of debtor’s business. It may be reasoned that the system should not be changed for the benefit of uninformed creditors because they are responsible for their own decision. Also, some security-supporter may consider that the harm caused to uninformed creditors is â€Å"slight†. However, it is not unreasonable that a substantial number of creditors do not really know what trouble they are falling into due to the complexity of the insolvency regime. Taking Art. 9 of the UCC, which govern insolvency matter in American system, as an example, Lynn LoPucki regards it as â€Å"highly complex, unintuitive, and notoriously deceptive†. Many creditors are small business. Thus, they have to struggle in understanding the principles provided under Art. 9 because they may not afford qualified lawyers. Moreover, this Article is clearly in favor of creditors who are secured and have full knowledge in respect of the company’s financial situation. It becomes easier for them to win in the filing â€Å"race† of insolvency proceedings in spite of the fact that in certain cases, their loans are not justified; or even despite a founded principle to protect legitimate expectations of other creditors. For the purpose of further analysis, uninformed creditors are grouped with involuntary creditors to be referred to as non-consensual creditors. 2. The efficiency of secured credit According to Steven Schwarcz, there are two types of efficiency of secured credit. The first one is where the taking of security ensures the benefit of both secured and unsecured creditors by increase the debtor’s value to cover both types of debt. The second one focus on the harm to unsecured creditors, which is acceptable if it â€Å"does not exceed the benefit to the debtor and the secured creditor†. However, it is unlikely that secured credit can achieve either types of efficiency. The debate over whether secured credit is efficient is triggered by an article by Professors Jackson and Kronman, in which they argued that it is so. Subsequently, many scholars approved this argument by indicating the economic benefits of secured credit such as   lowering screening costs or giving more control and benefits to secured creditors. These are the purpose of taking secured status in transactions, which has been analysed in details above (section A(2)). In contrast, David Carlson casted doubts on the efficiency of secured credit because â€Å"secured lending is not necessarily inconsistent with economic efficiency, though whether any given security interest is efficient is highly contingent and probably unknowable.† Brian Mccall further emphasized on the fact that even if the proof of economic efficiency can be established, it â€Å"merely tells us one of the effects of a given course of action it does not tell us normatively if such a thing should be done.† By demonstrating the nature of security under the regime provide by Art. 9 in the UCC, Lynn LoPucki also proved that security is not efficient. The main reason given to establish such conclusion is that the features of security are not always present. There are three features which the author referred to as â€Å"priority, encumbrance and remedy†. Each of those may exist in one type of security but not others; and some arrangements which include an above feature may not be regarded as â€Å"security†. Thus, it is difficult to ensure the â€Å"efficiency† of all secured credits granted. Sub-conslusion: Not all creditors are granted their unsecured status in the same circumstances. Depending on the reasons which results in their involvement in the debtor’s business, there are three different types: uninformed creditors, voluntary creditors and involuntary creditors. Among these three, uninformed creditors and involuntary creditors are the most vulnerable by the effects of secured credit. Generally, the lack of their consent may be regarded as a detriment to the right and the legitimate expectation for payment of these creditors. In addition, it is established that the use of secured credit may not always be efficient and granting security for creditors may not always be the best solution for the economy. Therefore, these problems of security should be solved by a reform of nonconsensual creditors’ treatment. C.Proposals of reform As analyzed above, only a smaller proportion of creditors in insolvency proceedings may be benefited in the use of security, and their benefits are originated from the detriment of a major number of non-consensual creditors. Besides, the using of secured credit is not always effective. The question is now raised that whether there are any persuasive proposals of reform. In considering the position of non-consensual creditors in secured credit, there are three alternatives:   (1) leaving the situation as it is now; (2) ensuring the payment to unsecured creditors by mandatory insurance; or (3) giving priority for nonconsensual creditors over the secured creditors As leaving the situation as it is now (alternative 1) is considered as ineffective above, we will only examination two later proposals. 1. Ensuring the payment through insurance This alternatives may be used to achieve the first type of efficiency mentioned above    the debtor can ensure the payment for all creditors, regardless of their status as secured or unsecured despite its situation of insolvency. It is suggested by LoPucki that mandatory insurance should be taken by a company which may incur liability over involuntary creditors, especially tort claimants. By doing so, such company make it possible for their involuntary creditors to fully recover from the insurer instead of pursuing for payment from the debtors. Concurrently, the first position of secured creditors in insolvency proceedings is not arguable. 2. Non-consensual Creditors are given Priority over Secured Creditors Professor Paul Shupack has argued that if non-consensual creditors are given priority over secured creditors, no loss will be caused to the secured creditors because they may be fully compensated for the conditional risk by conditioning their loans on the debtor’s payment of a premium. To   reach   the   same conclusion with Professor Paul Shupack, LoPucki put the relationship among debtors, secured and unsecured creditors in an assumption that a debtor has   two creditors,   one unsecured (nonconsensual) and one   secured,   and   that   in case of being insolvent, he can only to pay one of them. The aggregate loss to the economy is calculated in two alternative models: where the secured creditor has priority over the unsecured; and where the unsecured creditor has priority over the secured. In the first model, there is no other choice for the nonconsensual creditor but to extend his credit in a hope to receive some payment. Concurrently, the secured one will also extend his credit because he will be repaid. Priority is given to the later. Therefore, the unsecured will receive nothing. It may be concluded that â€Å"except to the extent, if any, that the debtor derived benefit from inflicting loss on the [nonconsensual] creditor, [that] creditors loss would be an aggregate loss to the economy†. In contrast, if nonconsensual creditors have priority as in the second model, the loss to the economy is claimed to be zero.LoPucki argued that because in this case, the secured creditor knowing that priority is granted to the other, will not extend credit beyond the debtor’s ability to pay. Accordingly, the nonconsensual creditor will receive expected payment and there will be no loss to the economy. If the above analysis is correct, giving priority to the unsecured instead of the secured creditor will be the most effective way to reduce the summative loss to the economy and resolve the problems of misallocating resources as well as inefficient secured credit. However, it is not easy for a regime which has been considered to operate smoothly for long to accept any kind of change. Consequently, the above proposals have been subsequently criticized. 3. Are these proposals persuasive? First of all, regarding the proposal of using insurance, LoPucki himself realized the disadvantages of applying this solution.   Firstly, it is a phenomenon that a company may be more likely to commit wrongful acts if such acts’ consequences have been insured. The acts may be committed intentionally or unintentionally, but the counter-productive result is that the company will be less alert to avoid them. Consequently, insurance in this case may bring more bad than good things, to the company, any potential tort victims and the society as a whole. Moreover, insurance will left over a large number of uninformed creditors, who are in most cases also non-consensual but can be benefit from the debtor’s mandatory insurance policies. Concerning LoPucki’s best solution that is to give non-consensual creditors priority over secured creditors, it becomes a controversial topic where everyone expresses their own view on the relationship between security and insolvency, law and economic regulations.   Professor Block-Lieb, in her reply to LoPucki’s argument, even concluded that â€Å"his reformulation   of the unsecured   creditors   bargain   is   insufficient   justification   for   drastic alterations   to   the law of secured   transactions.† Professor White, in considering the proposal, questioned whether â€Å"Article 9 [of the UCC] is   the place   to   deal with   them†. Firstly, he argued that governmental agencies would not need priority over secured creditors because they can use tax liens for themselves. Concerning tort claims, White’s arguments are based on elevating the status of claimants if amending Art. 9   He suggested that â€Å"significant   subordination   of   perfected security   interest will   drive   secured   creditors   to   look   for   security devices   that are more wasteful but more effective   (for them)†. In addition, there may be a distinction between claims for pain or suffering and claims for economic injury (libel, fraud, negligence victims). Thus, it is difficult to identify which claims should be granted priority or not. Besides, â€Å"if the Bankruptcy   Code   grants   priority   to   the   tort   claimants,   it can   give them superiority over not only personal property   secured   claimants but   also   over   other   lien   holders   and   real   property   mortgagees[, but] Art. 9   cannot   reach   real   estate mortgagees   and   only with   awkward   expansion   could   it   possibly   reach   and   grant   priority   over other   liens   in   the   law   of every   state. At best, modification   of Article   9   would be only   a half measure   because   it   deals neither with   claims   secured   by   real   estate   nor with   claims   of nonconsensual    lienors.† Sub-conclusion: It is submitted that there seems to be an agreement on the inefficiency of secured credit which requires many consideration for reforming. However, the reform of only a particular regime as Art. 9 in the case of the UCC is not the best solution. Security has been used for quite a long time. Its development has been so closely connected with other aspects of regulating rights and benefit of many economic factors. Therefore, a change of regime under Art. 9 alone cannot be expected to be effective. D.Conclusion Bibliography Legislations The Enterprise Act 2002 the United Kingdom The Uniform Commercial Code – The United Stated Books Gerard McCormack, Secured Credit under English and American Law, Cambridge University Press, 2004 Royston Miles Goode, Legal problems of credit and security, Sweet Maxwell, 2003, 4th Ed. Journals Alan   Schwartz,   Security   Interests and   Bankruptcy   Priorities:   A Review   of   Current   Theories,   10   J.   Legal   Stud.   1   (1981) Brian M. Mccall, â€Å"It’s just secured credit! The natural law case in defense of some forms of secured credit†, 43(1) Indiana Law Review, (2009) David Gray Carlson, On the Efficiency of Secured Lending, 80 VA. L. REV. 2179 (1994) Elizabeth Warren, Making Policy with Imperfect Information: The Article 9 Full Priority Debates, 82 Cornell L. Rev. (1997), 1389 F.H. Buckley, The bankruptcy   priority   puzzle, 72 Va. L. Rev.   1421 (1986) James J. White, â€Å"Work   and play   in   revising   article   9†, 80 Va. L. Rev.   (1994), 2096 Lynn M.   LoPucki, â€Å"The unsecured   creditors   bargain†, 80 Va. L. Rev. (1994), 1907 Paul M. Shupack, Solving   the Puzzle   of Secured Transactions,   41   Rutgers   L.   Rev. (1989) 1067 Steven L. Schwarcz, â€Å"The easy   case for the priority of secured claims   in bankruptcy†, 47 Duke L.J. (1997-98), 480 Susan Block-Lieb, The Unsecured Creditors Bargain: A Reply, 80. Va. L. Rev. (1994), 1989 Thomas H. Jackson Anthony T. Kronman, Secured Financing and Priorities Among Creditors, 88 YALE L.J. (1979), 1143 Other documents Eighth Survey of Company Insolvency by Society of Practitioners of Insolvency (1997-8). Statistics from Teresa   A.   Sullivan,   Elizabeth   Warren      Jay   L.   Westbrook,   â€Å"As   We   Forgive   Our Debtors†Ã‚   18,   294   (1989)

Battle of Valmy in the French Revolutionary Wars

Battle of Valmy in the French Revolutionary Wars The Battle of Valmy was fought September 20, 1792, during the War of the First Coalition (1792-1797). Armies and Commanders French General Charles Franà §ois DumouriezGeneral Franà §ois Christophe Kellermann47,000 men Allies Karl Wilhelm Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick35,000 men Background As revolutionary fervor wracked Paris in 1792, the Assembly moved towards conflict with Austria. Declaring war on April 20, French revolutionary forces advanced into the Austrian Netherlands (Belgium). Through May and June these efforts were easily repulsed by the Austrians, with the French troops panicking and fleeing in the face of even minor opposition. While the French floundered, an anti-revolutionary alliance came together consisting of forces from Prussia and Austria, as well as French à ©migrà ©s. Gathering at Coblenz, this force was led by Karl Wilhelm Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick. Considered one of the best generals of the day, Brunswick was accompanied by the King of Prussia, Frederick William II. Advancing slowly, Brunswick was supported to the north by an Austrian force led by the Count von Clerfayt and to the south by Prussian troops under Fà ¼rst zu Hohenlohe-Kirchberg. Crossing the frontier, he captured Longwy on August 23 before advancing to take Verdun on September 2. With these victories, the road to Paris was effectively open. Due to revolutionary upheaval, the organization and command of the French forces in the area were in flux for most of the month. This period of transition finally ended with the appointment of General Charles Dumouriez to lead the Armà ©e du Nord on August 18 and the selection of General Franà §ois Kellermann to command the Armà ©e du Centre on August 27. With the high command settled, Paris directed Dumouriez to halt Brunswicks advance. Though Brunswick had broken through the fortifications of the French frontier, he was still faced with passing through the broken hills and forests of the Argonne. Assessing the situation, Dumouriez elected to use this favorable terrain to block the enemy. Defending the Argonne Understanding that the enemy was moving slowly, Dumouriez raced south to block the five passes through the Argonne. General Arthur Dillon was ordered to secure the two southern passes at Lachalade and les Islettes. Meanwhile, Dumouriez and his main force marched to occupy Grandprà © and Croix-aux-Bois. A smaller French force moved in from the west to hold the northern pass at le Chesne. Pushing west from Verdun, Brunswick was surprised to find fortified French troops at les Islettes on September 5. Unwilling to conduct a frontal assault, he directed Hohenlohe to pressure the pass while he took the army to Grandprà ©. Meanwhile, Clerfayt, who had advanced from Stenay, found only light French resistance at Croix-aux Bois. Driving off the enemy, the Austrians secured the area and defeated a French counterattack on September 14. The loss of the pass forced Dumouriez to abandon Grandprà ©. Rather than retreat west, he elected to hold the southern two passes and assumed a new position to the south. By doing so, he kept the enemys forces divided and remained a threat should Brunswick attempt a dash on Paris. As Brunswick was forced to pause for supplies, Dumouriez had time to establish a new position near Sainte-Menehould. The Battle of Valmy With Brunswick advancing through Grandprà © and descending on this new position from the north and west, Dumouriez rallied all of his available forces to Sainte-Menehould. On September 19, he was reinforced by additional troops from his army as well as by the arrival of Kellermann with men from the Army du Centre. That night, Kellermann decided to shift his position east the next morning. The terrain in the area was open and possessed three areas of raised ground. The first was located near the road intersection at la Lune while the next was to the northwest. Topped by a windmill, this ridge was situated near the village of Valmy and flanked by another set of heights to the north known as Mont Yvron. As Kellermanns men began their movement early on September 20, Prussian columns were sighted to the west. Quickly setting up a battery at la Lune, French troops attempted to hold the heights but were driven back. This action did buy Kellermann sufficient time to deploy his main body on the ridge near the windmill. Here they were aided by Brigadier General Henri Stengels men from Dumouriezs army who shifted north to hold Mont Yvron. Despite the presence of his army, Dumouriez could offer little direct support to Kellermann as his compatriot had deployed across his front rather than on his flank. The situation was further complicated by the presence of a marsh between the two forces. Unable to play a direct role in the fighting, Dumouriez detached units to support Kellermanns flanks as well as to raid into the Allied rear. The morning fog plagued operations but, by midday, it had cleared allowing the two sides to see the opposing lines with the Prussians on the la Lune ridge and the French around the windmill and Mont Yvron. Believing that the French would flee as they had in other recent actions, the Allies began an artillery bombardment in preparation for an assault. This was met by return fire from the French guns. The elite arm of the French army, the artillery, had retained a higher percentage of its pre-Revolution officer corps. Peaking around 1 PM, the artillery duel inflicted little damage due to the long distance (approx. 2,600 yards) between the lines. Despite this, it had a strong impact on Brunswick who saw that the French were not going to break easily and that any advance across the open field between the ridges would suffer heavy losses. Though not in a position to absorb heavy losses, Brunswick still ordered three assault columns formed to test the French resolve. Directing his men forward, he halted the assault when it had moved around 200 paces after seeing that the French were not going to retreat. Rallied by Kellermann they were chanting Vive la nation! Around 2 PM, another effort was made after artillery fire detonated three caissons in the French lines. As before, this advance was halted before it reached Kellermanns men. The battle remained a stalemate until around 4 PM when Brunswick called a council of war and declared, We do not fight here. Aftermath of Valmy Due to the nature of the fighting at Valmy, the casualties were relatively light with the Allied suffering 164 killed and wounded and the French around 300. Though criticized for not pressing the attack, Brunswick was not in a position to win a bloody victory and still be able to continue the campaign. Following the battle, Kellermann fell back to a more favorable position and the two sides began negotiations regarding political issues. These proved fruitless and the French forces began extending their lines around the Allies. Finally, on September 30, Brunswick had little choice but to begin retreating towards the border. Though the casualties were light, Valmy rates as one of the most important battles in history due to the context in which it was fought. The French victory effectively preserved the Revolution and prevented outside powers from either crushing it or forcing it to even greater extremes. The next day, the French monarchy was abolished and on September 22 the First French Republic declared. Sources: History of War: Battle of ValmyBattle of Valmy

Advantages & Disadvantages of JavaScript Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Advantages & Disadvantages of JavaScript - Essay Example In order to enhance the aspect of functions performed by any website, JavaScript is hugely adopted because of its ease. For instance, creating dynamic effects on visual grounds, calculation of data that are available on web pages with the ability to access the data offered by external party are among the diversified features of JavaScript.If advantages on the client side by JavaScript is taken into account, the personalization of coding and its execution from the processor of user rather than from the server of the web pages is quite beneficial. The ultimate outcome as a result of the code being executed in such a manner is related to usage of minimum bandwidth. The bandwidth gets saved up to maximum level yet the code is executed at a fast rate on the processor of user. During web searches, the code gets executed directly from the client and the task is done at almost instant rate rather than transfer of the codes from servers of web to the computer of user which would have been tim e consuming (Fraley, 2004, p. 6).There are disadvantages of JavaScript too. .One of the main disadvantages of JavaScript on client side is the issue of privacy of one’s data. There are various malicious codes that are executed along with the normal codes when any task is performed by the user on web that results in the exposure and exploitation of one’s personal data. Many people do not prefer JavaScript due to security reasons. Personal pictures, personal videos and personal data are at stake.

Research handbook of comparative employment relations Essay

Research handbook of comparative employment relations - Essay Example Good! So these are your 3 main sections of your paper. According to Barry and Wilkinson (2011), voluntary overtime is a regular and positive practice in the various industries. Voluntary overtime increases the productivity of workers, maintains employees’ wellbeing, reduces staff turnover, and it is more cost efficient than part-time employment. Good! Okay, so you discuss these next, right? In the next couple of paragraphs, you discuss these right? I could be able to see that these are the topics for the next paragraphs. maintains employees’ wellbeing, reduces staff turnover, and it is more cost efficient than part-time employment For example, overtime is a common practice among medical facilities in the United States, where nurses are the majority of medical facilities’ employees who works overtime. You should consider using more in-text citations – where did this example come from? One of our sources? Or would one of your sources agree with it? Then use an in-text citation here. It’s not uncommon for research papers to have in-text citations in almost every other sentence. This is looking good so far. Nurses who voluntarily work overtime provide better care for the patients compared to mandatory overtime or part-time nurses. A clear indication of the positive impact of voluntary overtime over part-time or regular time work is that overtime workers tend to be engaged, especially when work is voluntarily provided to them. Most employees admit that wages have an impact on their work performance. Studies have demonstrated that higher wages earned result in a sense of achievement, ownership, and satisfaction in the work completed. Okay, so the next paragraphs will be about achievement, ownership, and satisfaction, right? It’s like sorting out your laundry; the evaluators will want to see clear, separate piles of thoughts like you indicate in your, excellent topic sentences. Your piles are your paragraphs, right? So, I want to see a paragraph on achievement. And another one one on ownership, and then the last one on satisfaction in work. Does this make sense/ Employees who are available by choice to work for overtime hours augment their productivity, lead to an excellent job recital, and reduce staff turnover through retention of employees (Barry & Wilkinson, 2011).Voluntary work helps in maintaining the employee’s health more than forced overtime work. Use of voluntary overtime enhances the wellbeing of workers; on the other hand, involuntary overtime causes burnout among employees. Voluntary overtime increases employees’ satisfaction and reduces stress among employees; as a result, it helps in maintaining the health of the workers. As Cameron (2012) observes, employees who work on voluntary overtime tend to have natural self-motivation within them, which enhances their productivity and job satisfaction. Employees and employers attain more benefits from voluntary overtime than from invo luntary overtime. Numerous studies have established that long working hours and shift work raise the odds for employees to be fatigued, injured, stressed, and suffer from medical ailments. However, voluntary overtime tends to lower these effects, but involuntary overtime increases same. The Advantages of Voluntary Overtime Paid Work The Advantages of